Main Article Content
Abstract
The purposes of this study are to know the direct effects of education and health on per capita income level and the indirect effect of health on per capita income level through its effect on education. A system of equations was formulated and was estimated using maximum likelihood estimation procedure. The results indicated that parameter estimates are not statistically significant at the 5 percent level of significance. However, those are theoritically sound, since the sign of coefficients in the variables is in line with existing theory. The efect of education on per capita income is positive and the indirect effect of health throuth its effect on education is also positive. The results of study suggest that the per capita income might be increased if education level of society increased through expansion of government budget on education, while health level of society should not be ignored eventhough it negates per capita income.
Key Words: Health, Education, and per capita income.
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References
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- Commission on Macroeconomics and Health. 2001. Macroeconomics and health: Investing in health for economic development. Geneva: World Health Organization.
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- Mechanic, D. 2002. Disadvantage, Inequality, and Social Policy. Health Affairs, 21, 48-59.
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- Strully, K. W., & Conley, D. 2004. Reconsidering Risk: Adapting Public Policies to Intergenerational Determinants and Biosocial Interactions in Health related Needs. Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law, 29, 1073-1107.
- Subramanian, S. V., Belli, P., & Kawachi, I. 2002. The Macroeconomic Determinants of Health. Annual Review of Public Health, 23, 287-302.
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- Wilford, W. T. 1973. Nutrition Levels and Economic Growth: Some Empirical Measures. Journal of Economic Issues (pre-1986); Sep 1973; 7, 000003; ABI/INFORM Research. pg. 437.
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References
Becker, Gary S. The Adam Smith Address. 1992. Education, Labor Force Quality, and the Economy. Business Economics; Jan; 27, 1; ABI/INFORM Research. pg. 7.
Commission on Macroeconomics and Health. 2001. Macroeconomics and health: Investing in health for economic development. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Kawachi, I., Kennedy, B. P., & Glass, R. 1999. Social Capital and Self-related Health: a Contextual Analysis. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 89, 1187-1193.
Lynch, J., Davey-Smith, G., Harper, S., & Hillemiller, M. 2004. Is Income Inequality a Determinant of Population Health? Part 2. U.S. National and Regional Trends in Income Inequality and Age- and Cause-Specific Mortality. Milbank Quarterly, 82, 355-400.
Marmot, M. 2002. The influence of income on health: views of an epidemiologist. Health Affairs, 21, 31-45.
Marmot, M. 2005. Social Determinants of Health Inequalities. Lancet, 365, 1099-104.
Mechanic, D. 2002. Disadvantage, Inequality, and Social Policy. Health Affairs, 21, 48-59.
Mirvis, David M.; Chang, Cyril F.; Cosby, Arthur. 2008. Health as an Economic Engine: Evidence for the Importance of Health in Economic Development. JHHSA. Summer.
Mirvis, David M.; Clay, Joy A.. 2008. Health and Economic Development:Reframing the Pathway. JHHSA SUMMER.
Frank, D. A., Neault, N. B., Stalicky, A., Cook, J. T, Wilson, J. D., et al. 2006. Health or Eat: the Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program and Nutritional and Health Risks among Children less than 3 Years of Age. Pediatrics, 118, 1293-1302.
Porca, Sanela; Harrison, David Shelby. 2005. Economies in Transition: Factors Supporting Economic Growth and Development. The Business
Review, Cambridge; Dec 2005; 4, 2; ABI/INFORM Research.
Preston, S. 1975. The Changing Relation between Mortality and the Level of Economic Development. Population Studies, 29, 231-238.
Ray, Debraj. 1998. Development Economics. Princeton University Press, 41 William Street, Princeton, New Jersey.
Soares, R. 2007. On the Determinants of Mortality Reductions in the Developing World. (National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper #12837). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
Strully, K. W., & Conley, D. 2004. Reconsidering Risk: Adapting Public Policies to Intergenerational Determinants and Biosocial Interactions in Health related Needs. Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law, 29, 1073-1107.
Subramanian, S. V., Belli, P., & Kawachi, I. 2002. The Macroeconomic Determinants of Health. Annual Review of Public Health, 23, 287-302.
Tilak, Jandhyala B. G. 1992. From Economic Growth to Human Development: A Commentary on Recent Indexes of Development. International Journal of Social Economics. Bradford: Vol. 19, Iss. 2; pg. 31, 12 pgs.
Warr, Peter. 2007. Long-term Economic Performance in Thailand. ASEAN Economic Bulletin; Apr 2007; 24, 1; Academic Research Library pg. 138.
Wilford, W. T. 1973. Nutrition Levels and Economic Growth: Some Empirical Measures. Journal of Economic Issues (pre-1986); Sep 1973; 7, 000003; ABI/INFORM Research. pg. 437.
World Bank. 2007a. Healthy development. The World Bank Strategy for Health, Nutrition, and Population Results. Washington, DC: The World Bank.