Main Article Content
Abstract
The financial system plays a role in creating a community economic development, especially overcoming gender disparities. This paper analyzes the effect of mobile phone on the financial inclusion of women's in Indonesia involving data from household surveys provided by the 2014 Family Life Survey. We use the probit model with Ordinary Least Square (OLS) methods and the variable procedure to examine how the role of mobile phone on women's awareness in accessing financial institutions, as well as increasing savings and loan ownership. Our estimation results found that mobile phone penetration significantly increased awareness of women to access formal financial institutions, improve saving behavior, higher credit amount and access mobile banking. Therefore, mobile phone brings great benefits in increasing financial inclusion, especially women in Indonesia.
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References
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- Asongu, S. A. (2018a). Conditional Determinants of Mobile Phones Penetration and Mobile Banking in Sub-Saharan Africa. SSRN Electronic Journal, 9(1), 81–135. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2677296
- Asongu, S. A. (2018b). Conditional Determinants of Mobile Phones Penetration and Mobile Banking in Sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 9(1), 81–135. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-11-2012-0228
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- Demirguc-kunt, A., and Klapper, L. (2012). “‘Measuring Financial Inclusion. The Global Findex Database.’” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 6025. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-0-8213-9509-7
- Demirgüç-Kunt, A., Klapper, L., & Singer, D. (2013). Financial Inclusion and Legal Discrimination Against Women: Evidence from Developing Countries. In Policy Research Working Paper Series 6416. https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-6416
- Demirguc-Kunt, A., Klapper, L., Singer, D., Ansar, S., & Hess, J. (2018). The Global Findex Database 2017: Measuring Financial Inclusion and the Fintech Revolution. In The Global Findex Database 2017: Measuring Financial Inclusion and the Fintech Revolution. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1259-0
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- Fletschner, D., & Mesbah, D. (2011). Gender Disparity in Access to Information: Do Spouses Share What They kKnow? World Development, 39(8), 1422–1433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2010.12.014
- Friedline, T., & Kepple, N. (2017). Does Community Access to Alternative Financial Services Relate to Individuals’ Use of These Services? Beyond Individual Explanations. Journal of Consumer Policy, 40(1), 51–79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10603-016-9331-y
- Gitaharie, B. Y., Soelistianingsih, L., & Djutaharta, T. (2017). Financial Inclusion: Household Access to Credit in Indonesia. Competition and Cooperation in Economics and Business, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315225227-35
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- Maurer, B. (2012). Mobile Money: Communication, Consumption and Change in the Payments Space. Journal of Development Studies, 48(5), 589–604. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2011.621944
- Munyegera, G. K., & Matsumoto, T. (2016). Mobile Money, Remittances, and Household Welfare: Panel Evidence from Rural Uganda. World Development, 79, 127–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.11.006
- Muravyev, A., Talavera, O., & Schäfer, D. (2009). Entrepreneurs’ Gender and Financial Constraints: Evidence from International Data. Journal of Comparative Economics, 37(2), 270–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2008.12.001
- Pangaribowo, E. H., Tsegai, D., & Sukamdi. (2019). Women’s Bargaining Power and Household Expenditure in Indonesia: the Role of Gender-Differentiated Aassets and Social Capital. GeoJournal, 84, 939–960. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-018-9901-4
- Safavian, M., & Haq, A. (2013). Are Pakistan’s Women Entrepreneurs Being Served by the Microfinance Sector? In Directions in Development--Finance;. Washington, DC: World Bank. © World Bank. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-0-8213-9833-3
- Sambodo, N. P., Sekaringsih, R. B., Azzani, M., & Asyahid, E. (2017). Indonesian Muslim Household Financial Inclusion Profile: Evidence from IFLS4 and IFLS5 Panel Data. Universitas Gadjah Mada Working Papers on Islamic Economics and Finance No. WP/007/08/2017 August 2017, (May), 1–25. Retrieved from https://ideas.repec.org/p/ugm/wpaper/2017007.html
- Setyari, N. P. W., Widanta, A. . B. P., & Purbadharmaja, I. B. P. (2018). Women’s Control Over Economic Resources Effect to Family Welfare. Journal of Economics and Policy, 11(2), 280–293. https://doi.org/10.15294/jejak.v11i2.16051
- Simonsson, E., & Walin, A. (2015). Mobile Banking and Women Empowerment. Retrieved from http://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?func=downloadFile&recordOId=7793631&fileOId=7793639
- Sui, Y., & Niu, G. (2018). The Urban–Rural Gap of Chinese Household Finance. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 54(2), 377–392. https://doi.org/10.1080/1540496X.2017.1367660
- Suri, T., & Jack, W. (2016). The Long-Run Poverty and Gender Impacts of Mmobile Money. Science, 354(6317), 1288–1292. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aah5309
- The Pew Charitable Trusts. (2017). Payday Loan Customers Want More Protections, Access to Lower-Cost Credit From Banks. Retrieved from https://www.pewtrusts.org/-/media/assets/2017/04/payday-loan-customers-want-more-protections.pdf
- United Nations. (2009). Women’s Control Over Economic Resources and Access to Financial Resources, Including Microfinance. In October.
- World Bank. (2012). Gender Equality in Development. In World Development Report 2012. https://doi.org/10.1080/13552070512331332273
- World Bank. (2018). Database Global Findex Menunjukkan Inklusi Keuangan Meningkat, Tapi Kesenjangan Tetap Ada. Retrieved April 19, 2018, from World Bank website: https://www.worldbank.org/in/news/press-release/2018/04/19/financial-inclusion-on-the-rise-but-gaps-remain-global-findex-database-shows
- World Economic Forum. (2018). Advancing Financial Inclusion Metrics: Shifting from Access to Economic Empowerment. White Paper.
- Yunisvita, Y. (2020). Does monopsony exist in academic labor market?. Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan, 18(1), 31-36. https://doi.org/10.29259/jep.v18i1.11057
References
Abor, J. Y., Amidu, M., & Issahaku, H. (2018). Mobile Telephony, Financial Inclusion and Inclusive Growth. Journal of African Business, 19(3), 430–453. https://doi.org/10.1080/15228916.2017.1419332
Aker, J. C., Boumnijel, R., McClelland, A., & Tierney, N. (2016). Payment Mechanisms and Antipoverty Programs: Evidence from a Mobile Money Cash Transfer Experiment in Niger. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 65(1). 1-37 https://doi.org/10.1086/687578
Alhassan, A., Li, L., Reddy, K., & Duppati, G. (2019). The Impact of Formal Financial Inclusion on Informal Financial Intermediation and Cash Preference: Evidence from Africa. Applied Economics, 51(42), 4597–4614. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2019.1593316
Asongu, S. A. (2018a). Conditional Determinants of Mobile Phones Penetration and Mobile Banking in Sub-Saharan Africa. SSRN Electronic Journal, 9(1), 81–135. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2677296
Asongu, S. A. (2018b). Conditional Determinants of Mobile Phones Penetration and Mobile Banking in Sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 9(1), 81–135. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-11-2012-0228
Aterido, R., Beck, T., & Iacovone, L. (2011). Gender and Finance in Sub-Saharan Africa Are Women Disadvantaged? In Policy Research Working Paper No. 5571. https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-5571
Brown, J. R., Cookson, J. A., & Heimer, R. Z. (2019). Growing Up Without Finance. Journal of Financial Economics, 134(3), 591–616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2019.05.006
Demirguc-kunt, A., and Klapper, L. (2012). “‘Measuring Financial Inclusion. The Global Findex Database.’” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 6025. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-0-8213-9509-7
Demirgüç-Kunt, A., Klapper, L., & Singer, D. (2013). Financial Inclusion and Legal Discrimination Against Women: Evidence from Developing Countries. In Policy Research Working Paper Series 6416. https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-6416
Demirguc-Kunt, A., Klapper, L., Singer, D., Ansar, S., & Hess, J. (2018). The Global Findex Database 2017: Measuring Financial Inclusion and the Fintech Revolution. In The Global Findex Database 2017: Measuring Financial Inclusion and the Fintech Revolution. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1259-0
Fanta, A. B., & Kingstone Mutsonziwa. (2016). Gender and Financial Inclusion: Analysis of Financial Inclusion of Women in the SADC Region. Policy Research Paper No. 01/2016, 1, 1–37. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.1390.3605
Fintechnews Singapore. (2018). World Bank Global Findex : Indonesia Leads in Financial Inclusion Progress. Retrieved from World Bank Group The Global Findex Database website: https://fintechnews.sg/19095/indonesia/world-bank-global-findex-financial-inclusion-unbanked/
Fletschner, D., & Mesbah, D. (2011). Gender Disparity in Access to Information: Do Spouses Share What They kKnow? World Development, 39(8), 1422–1433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2010.12.014
Friedline, T., & Kepple, N. (2017). Does Community Access to Alternative Financial Services Relate to Individuals’ Use of These Services? Beyond Individual Explanations. Journal of Consumer Policy, 40(1), 51–79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10603-016-9331-y
Gitaharie, B. Y., Soelistianingsih, L., & Djutaharta, T. (2017). Financial Inclusion: Household Access to Credit in Indonesia. Competition and Cooperation in Economics and Business, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315225227-35
Goodstein, R. M., & Rhine, S. L. W. (2017). The Effects of Bank and Nonbank Provider Locations on Household Use of Financial Transaction Services. Journal of Banking and Finance, 78 (May), 91-107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2017.01.016
Kim, J. H. (2016). A Study on the Effect of Financial Inclusion on the Relationship Between Income Inequality and Economic Growth. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 52(2), 498–512. https://doi.org/10.1080/1540496X.2016.1110467
Maurer, B. (2012). Mobile Money: Communication, Consumption and Change in the Payments Space. Journal of Development Studies, 48(5), 589–604. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2011.621944
Munyegera, G. K., & Matsumoto, T. (2016). Mobile Money, Remittances, and Household Welfare: Panel Evidence from Rural Uganda. World Development, 79, 127–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.11.006
Muravyev, A., Talavera, O., & Schäfer, D. (2009). Entrepreneurs’ Gender and Financial Constraints: Evidence from International Data. Journal of Comparative Economics, 37(2), 270–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2008.12.001
Pangaribowo, E. H., Tsegai, D., & Sukamdi. (2019). Women’s Bargaining Power and Household Expenditure in Indonesia: the Role of Gender-Differentiated Aassets and Social Capital. GeoJournal, 84, 939–960. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-018-9901-4
Safavian, M., & Haq, A. (2013). Are Pakistan’s Women Entrepreneurs Being Served by the Microfinance Sector? In Directions in Development--Finance;. Washington, DC: World Bank. © World Bank. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-0-8213-9833-3
Sambodo, N. P., Sekaringsih, R. B., Azzani, M., & Asyahid, E. (2017). Indonesian Muslim Household Financial Inclusion Profile: Evidence from IFLS4 and IFLS5 Panel Data. Universitas Gadjah Mada Working Papers on Islamic Economics and Finance No. WP/007/08/2017 August 2017, (May), 1–25. Retrieved from https://ideas.repec.org/p/ugm/wpaper/2017007.html
Setyari, N. P. W., Widanta, A. . B. P., & Purbadharmaja, I. B. P. (2018). Women’s Control Over Economic Resources Effect to Family Welfare. Journal of Economics and Policy, 11(2), 280–293. https://doi.org/10.15294/jejak.v11i2.16051
Simonsson, E., & Walin, A. (2015). Mobile Banking and Women Empowerment. Retrieved from http://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?func=downloadFile&recordOId=7793631&fileOId=7793639
Sui, Y., & Niu, G. (2018). The Urban–Rural Gap of Chinese Household Finance. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 54(2), 377–392. https://doi.org/10.1080/1540496X.2017.1367660
Suri, T., & Jack, W. (2016). The Long-Run Poverty and Gender Impacts of Mmobile Money. Science, 354(6317), 1288–1292. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aah5309
The Pew Charitable Trusts. (2017). Payday Loan Customers Want More Protections, Access to Lower-Cost Credit From Banks. Retrieved from https://www.pewtrusts.org/-/media/assets/2017/04/payday-loan-customers-want-more-protections.pdf
United Nations. (2009). Women’s Control Over Economic Resources and Access to Financial Resources, Including Microfinance. In October.
World Bank. (2012). Gender Equality in Development. In World Development Report 2012. https://doi.org/10.1080/13552070512331332273
World Bank. (2018). Database Global Findex Menunjukkan Inklusi Keuangan Meningkat, Tapi Kesenjangan Tetap Ada. Retrieved April 19, 2018, from World Bank website: https://www.worldbank.org/in/news/press-release/2018/04/19/financial-inclusion-on-the-rise-but-gaps-remain-global-findex-database-shows
World Economic Forum. (2018). Advancing Financial Inclusion Metrics: Shifting from Access to Economic Empowerment. White Paper.
Yunisvita, Y. (2020). Does monopsony exist in academic labor market?. Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan, 18(1), 31-36. https://doi.org/10.29259/jep.v18i1.11057