Main Article Content
Abstract
Gender equality, particularly in the areas of education, health, and employment, also serves as a stimulant for faster growth. In Indonesia, attempts to integrate gender equality into development are yielding positive outcomes, with national gender equality indicators improving. However, Indonesia's global standing remains poor, as judged by the Woman, Business, and Law (WBL) Index for 2021, which ranks it 149th out of 190 countries. To promote growth, initiatives to increase the number and quality of human resources, including providing persons with the chance to obtain the broadest possible education, are continuing. This study explores the attainment of gender equality in education, as well as how it relates to economic growth as a metric of progress, using district/city fixed effect panel data for the period 2011-2020.The study's findings show that during the observation period, there was still a gender gap in educational achievement, particularly outside of the Java-Bali region. Increasing gender equality through the ratio of women's years of schooling, as well as the ratio of women to the workforce with a junior high school education that is in line with the needs of the workforce, especially in the industrial sector, contributes positively and significantly to regional economic growth.
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References
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- Zeng, J., Pang, X., Zhang, L., Medina, A., & Rozelle, S. (2014). Gender Inequality in Education in China: A Meta-Regression Analysis. Contemporary Economic Policy, 32(2), 474–491. https://doi.org/10.1111/coep.12006
References
Afkar, R., Yarrow, N., Surbakti, S., & Cooper, R. (2020). Inclusion in Indonesia’s Education Sector: A Subnational Review of Gender Gaps and Children with Disabilities. Inclusion in Indonesia’s Education Sector: A Subnational Review of Gender Gaps and Children with Disabilities, June. https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-9282
Ahang, M. (2014). The Impact of Gender Inequality on Economic Growth in Developed Countries. The Accounting, Economics and Financial Management Conference, October.
Aktaria, E., & Handoko, B. S. (2012). Ketimpangan Gender Dalam Pertumbuhan Ekonomi. Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan: Kajian Masalah Ekonomi Dan Pembangunan, 13(2), 194. https://doi.org/10.23917/jep.v13i2.168
Altuzarra, A., Gálvez-Gálvez, C., & González-Flores, A. (2021). Is Gender Inequality a Barrier to Economic Growth ? A Panel Data Analysis of Developing Countries. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13, 367. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/ 10.3390/su13010367
Arifin, S. (2018). Kesetaraan Gender dan Pertumbuhan Ekonomi di Indonesia. Kajian DPR Vol.23 No.1 (2018), 23(1), 27–41. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.22212/kajian.v23i1.1872
Bedir Kar, S., & Coskun, A. (2020). The Impact of Gender Inequalities in Education on Income. Eurasian Journal of Social Sciences, 8(4), 148–162. https://doi.org/10.15604/ejss.2020.08.04.001
Bertay, A. C., Dordevic, L., & Sever, C. (2020). Gender Inequality and Economic Growth: Evidence from Industry-Level Data. IMF Working Papers, July 3, 2020, 42.
Blaser, S. J. (2016). Child Marriage in Indonesia. Progress on Pause. Unicef, 1–107.
Hibatulmedina, S., & Rambe, R. (2021). The Efficiency Analysis of Government Expenditure on Education and Health in Sumatra: The DEA Approach. Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan, 19(2), 223-232. doi:https://doi.org/10.29259/jep.v19i2.15795
Huang, W. H., Lin, Y. J., & Lee, H. F. (2019). Impact of Population and Workforce Aging on Economic Growth: Case Study of Taiwan. Sustainability (Switzerland), 11(22), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11226301
Karoui, K., & Feki, R. (2018). The Impacts of Gender Inequality in Education on Economic Growth in Tunisia: an Empirical Analysis. Quality and Quantity, 52(3), 1265–1273. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-017-0518-3
Klasen, S., & Minasyan, A. (2017). Gender Inequality and Growth in Europe. Intereconomics, 52(1), 17–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10272-017-0637-z
Licumba, E. A., Dzator, J., & Zang, J. X. (2015). Gender Equality in Education and Economic Growth in Selected Southern African Countries. The Journal of Developing Area, 49(6). https://doi.org/10.1353/jda.2015.0102
Mulasari, F. D. (2015). Peran Gender Perempuan Terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi di Provinsi Jawa Tengah Tahun 2008-2012. Economics Development Analysis Journal, 2(4), 446–455. https://doi.org/10.15294/edaj.v4i3.14832
Musa, K. S., & Bako, B. (2021). Internet Usage and Economic Growth Nexus : Does Energy Consumption Matters ? Journal of Sustainable Energy & Environment, 12, 1–11.
Nazmi, L., & Jamal, A. (2018). Pengaruh Ketimpangan Gender Terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi di Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa (JIM), 3(4), 740–750.
Pangestuty, F. W., & Prasetiya, F. (2012). Linkages Between Public Sector Expenditure on Economic Growth and Rural Poverty of Indonesia. J. Basic. Appl. Sci. Res, 2(3), 2347–2353.
Pertiwi, U. E., Heriberta, H., & Hardiani, H. (2021). Pengaruh Ketimpangan Gender Terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi di Provinsi Jambi. Jurnal Ekonomi Aktual, 1(2), 69–76. https://doi.org/10.53867/jea.v1i2.17
Sitorus, A. V. Y. (2016). Dampak Ketimpangan Gender Terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi di Indonesia. Sosio Informa, 89–101. https://doi.org/10.33007/inf.v2i1.190
Todaro, M. P., & Smith, S. C. (2015). Economic Development (Twelfth Edition).
World Bank. (2021). Women, Business and the Law 2021. In Women, Business and the Law 2021. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1652-9
Zeng, J., Pang, X., Zhang, L., Medina, A., & Rozelle, S. (2014). Gender Inequality in Education in China: A Meta-Regression Analysis. Contemporary Economic Policy, 32(2), 474–491. https://doi.org/10.1111/coep.12006